Native phonetic writing systems are primarily used for element names in Japanese ( Katakana), Korean ( Hangul) and Vietnamese ( chữ Quốc ngữ). While most East Asian languages use-or have used-the Chinese script, only the Chinese language uses logograms as the predominant way of naming elements. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, the names of most elements were created after modern chemistry was introduced to East Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, with more translations being coined for those elements discovered later. There it stayed until 1940, when synthesis of the transuranium elements began.The names for chemical elements in East Asian languages, along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. The list quickly expanded to 92, ending at uranium (atomic number 92). By the time Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834–1907) organized his periodic table in 1869, he had about 60 elements to reckon with. Berzelius published a table of 24 elements, including their atomic weights, most of which are close to the values used today.īy the year 1800 only about 25 true elements were known, but progress was relatively rapid throughout the nineteenth century. For example, writing two Hs and one O together as H 2O would mean that the particles (molecules) of water consist of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, bonded together. These symbols could be put easily together to show how the elements combine into compounds. Berzelius (1779–1848) was the first person to employ the modern method of classification: a one- or two-letter symbol for each element. Even though some of Lavoisier's "ele ments" later turned out to be compounds (combinations of actual elements), his list set the stage for the adoption of standard names and symbols for the various elements. In 1789, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743–94) was able to publish a list of chemical elements that met Boyle's definition. 1577–c.1644) tried to explain everything in terms of just two elements: air and water.Įventually, English chemist Robert Boyle (1627–1691) revived Aristotle's definition and refined it. 1493–1541), also known as Paracelsus, proposed that everything was made of three "principles:" salt, mercury, and sulfur. For example, the Swiss physician and alchemist Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (c.
Several other theories were generated throughout the years, most of which have been dispelled. C.), a student of Plato's, proposed that an element is "one of those simple bodies into which other bodies can be decomposed and which itself is not capable of being divided into others." Except for nuclear fission and other nuclear reactions discovered more than 2,000 years later, by which the atoms of an element can be decomposed into smaller parts, this definition remains accurate. C.) referred to these four "roots" as stoicheia elements. C.) proposed that there are four basic "roots" of all materials: earth, air, fire, and water. The concept of elements-i.e., the theory that there are a limited number of fundamental pure substances out of which all other substances are made-goes back to the ancient Greeks.
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